Euler
ReferenceBasic utility functions.
This file collects some important utility functions.
Resetting Euler is best done with the menu item, or with Ctrl-N. Then Maxima is restarted too. All variables are lost. You will be asked to save your notebook first. After reset, Euler calls the reset function below.
Epsilon:=epsilon(); I$:=I; verticallabels:=1; E$:=E; eulergamma:=0.577215664901532860606512;
function Pi () := pi();
function overwrite setfont (size=none,width=1,name="",
markersize=0.2)
Set the font relative to the screen size Small prints of graphics require a larger font size relative to the maximal dimension of the graphics. This function sets the font size. The default is about 12 pixel for the HTML export with images of maximal dimensions of 400. The default name is blank. This sets the default font, which is "Arial" when Euler starts. But the user can set the default font permanently in the Menu. size : Size of font. width : Size of the print in the same unit. name : Font name. Default is "Arial". markersize : Fraction of the text height for the marker radius. Uses the internal function _setfont(lines,name). Examples: setfont(11pt,10cm) : 11 point font for a print of 10cm height. setfont(12,400) : This is a good font size for web pages. setfont() : Resets to the default 1/40 of the screen. See:
setfont (Euler Core)
function resetepsilon
Reset the default epsilon and return the current epsilon.
function overwrite exec (program:string, param:string="", dir:string="",
print:integer=0, hidden:integer=0, wait:integer=1)
Execute an external program
This is a utility function for the built-in exec command. It runs
an external program, and by default waits for it to finish. The
result of the program can be returned in form of vector of strings.
Communication is via standard named pipes. The pipes stdout and
stderr are read as output from the program.
By default, the builtin function exec will block and wait for user
confirmation. This prevents security problems with downloaded Euler
notebooks. The confirmation can be switched off in the options. It
can be switched off in the first confirmation dialog for one
session.
If wait is false and print is true, the function starts the
program, and generates pipes to and from the program. These pipes
can later be written to with execwrite(string) or
execwriteln(string) and read from with execread(), returning a
vector of strings. Only one such program is available. Trying to
start a second program with open pipes terminates the first one.
program : the name of the program (plus path, if not in the system
path).
param : Parameters separated by blanks. If the parameters contain
blanks, they must be enclosed by double quotes. Use strings as in
param=''"first parameter" "second parameter"''
dir : The working directory of the program. This can be used to
locate the program instead of a full path.
print : If true and wait is false, the function returns the output
immediately in form of a vector of strings. If true and wait is
true, the program will print the output of the program.
hidden : If true, no window will be generated.
wait : If true, the function will wait for the command to be
finished, or for the escape key.
Examples:
>exec("cmd","/c dir /w *.en",home(),>print,>hidden,>wait)
Volume in Laufwerk C: hat keine Bezeichnung.
Volumeseriennummer: ECF3-71E6
Verzeichnis von C:\euler\docs\Programs
...
>filename=eulerhome()+"test.txt"; ...
writematrix(random(5,5),filename,"%1.5f"); ...
exec("cmd","/c start "+filename,eulerhome(),<wait);
>exec("cmd","",home(),>print,>hidden,<wait);
>execwriteln("dir /w");
>execread()
Microsoft Windows [Version 6.1.7601]
Copyright (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation. Alle Rechte vorbehalten.
...
>execkill();
See:
exec (Euler Core),
execwrite (Euler Core),
execwriteln (Euler Core),
execread (Euler Core)
Functions to generate matrices or vectors with values spaced in various ways, as well as functions providing informations about vectors and matrices.
function matrix
matrix(v1,v2,v3,...) returns a matrix with rows v1,v2,v3,...
function equispace (a:real scalar, b:real scalar,
n: positive integer scalar)
Generates n+1 arcsin spaced values in [a,b]. The arcsin distribution generates points which are the extremal points of the Chebyshev polynomial. These points are well suited for discrete approximation on an interval. See:
linspace (Euler Core),
chebzeros (Basic Utilities)
function logspace (a:positive real scalar,b:positive real scalar,
n:positive integer scalar)
logspace(a,b,n) generates n+1 log spaced points in [a,b] See:
equispace (Basic Utilities),
linspace (Euler Core)
function chebzeros (a: real scalar, b: real scalar,
n: positive integer scalar)
Generate the zeros of the n-th Chebyshev polynomial in [a,b] See:
linspace (Euler Core),
equispace (Basic Utilities)
function length (v)
Returns the length of a row or column vector. In fact, the function returns the maximum of the number of rows, and the number of columns of a matrix.
function differences (s)
Computes vector of the differences s[i+1]-s[i] See:
fold (Numerical Algorithms)
function tail (s, n:integer)
The rest of the vector s starting from the n-th element. tail(s,-2) returns the last two elements of s. See:
head (Basic Utilities)
function head (s, n:integer)
The vector, up to the n-th element The function works for negative n too. head(s,-2) returns all elements, but the last. See:
tail (Basic Utilities)
function args field (x:vector, y:vector)
Returns {X,Y} such that the X+i*Y is a rectangular grid
x and y must be 1xN and 1xM vectors.
This is not necessary in most cases, since operators in the Euler
matrix language combine x and y' automatically.
This is a simple text menu. It can be used for files with a user choice of options.
function menu ()
Displays a menu and returns the number of the chosen item This is a simple menu in text form inside the text window of Euler. The menu items are the arguments to this function. The items should be labelled (a), (b), etc. The user can press the keys a, b, etc., or the return key. In this case, the functin returns -1. Else the function returns the number of the chosen argument.
Functions for hexadecimal or binary input and conversion.
function baseinput (s:string, b:index=16)
Read a number in base b.
function hex (s:string)
Convert a hex string. See:
printhex (Basic Utilities),
baseinput (Basic Utilities)
function dual (s:string)
Convert a hex string. See:
printdual (Basic Utilities),
baseinput (Basic Utilities)
function printbase (x:real scalar, base:index=16, digits=13,
integer=false)
Prints the real number x with mantissa and exponent to base b.
The output is of the form 1.xxxxx...xxx*2^n with mantissa of
length digits. If integer is true, the value is assumed to
be integer, and it prints in the form xxxxx. x is between 0 and
base, where A=11, B=12, etc.
>dual("10001001"), printdual(%,>integer)
137
10001001
>baseinput("24256",7), printbase(%,base=7,>integer)
6313
24256
>6+5*7+2*7^2+4*7^3+2*7^4
6313
See:
baseinput (Basic Utilities)
function printdual (x:real scalar, integer=false, length=1)
Prints the real number x with dual mantissa.
The output is of the form 1.xxxxx...xxx*2^n. If integer is true,
then the output is of the form xxxxxx with x=0 or x=1.
>dual("10001001"), printdual(%,>integer)
137
10001001
>printdual(0.1)
1.1001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011010*2^-4
function printhex (x:real scalar, integer=false)
Prints the real number x with hexadecimal mantissa.
The output is of the form 1.xxxxx...xxx*16^n. If integer is true
the output is of the form xxxxx where x is 0,...,9,A,B,C,D,E,F.
>hex("DDFFD"), printhex(%,>integer)
909309
DDFFD
>printhex(0.1)
1.999999999999A*16^-1
function day (y,
m:integer scalar=1, d:integer scalar=1,
h:integer scalar=0, min:real scalar=0,
german=false, us=false)
Convert a date to a number of days.
The computation is based on the Gregorian calendar. It is intended
to be used to compute differences between dates.
The date can alternatively be a formatted string in ISO8601 format
(yyyy-mm-dd) with an optional time (hh:mm or hh:mm:sec) appended
with a blank. The function will detect the alternative day format
(dd.mm.yyyy), and an English month name instead of a numerical
value. The date order can also be set with >us to "mm-dd-yyyy", and
with >german to "dd-mm-yyyy".
>day(2020,1,1)-day(2010,1,1)
3652
>day("2012-12-03 16:00")-day("2012-01-01 13:00")
337.125
>day(2012,3,1,12)
734993.5
>day("jan-3-2012 12:00",>us)
734935.5
>day("3.jan.2012") // automatically German
734935
>day("3-1-2012",>german)
734935
See:
date (Basic Utilities)
function args date (d:number)
Converts a day number to the date.
Reverse function of day(). Returns the date in multiple return
values.
>{y,m,d,h,min}=date(day(2012,11,1,23,12)); [y,m,d,h,min]
[ 2012 11 1 23 12 ]
See:
day (Basic Utilities),
day (Astronomical Functions),
daynow (Basic Utilities),
weekday (Basic Utilities)
function daynow (utc=0)
Date number for the current day and time. The computation is based on the Gregorian calendar. utc : Use UTC time. >daynow()-day(2000,1,1) >printdate(date(daynow())) 2016-03-17 15:40 See:
day (Astronomical Functions),
date (Basic Utilities),
getnow (Basic Utilities),
printnow (Basic Utilities),
weekday (Basic Utilities)
function comment getnow (utc)
Current date in vector format. utc : in UTC or local time. See:
daynow (Basic Utilities),
weekday (Basic Utilities)
function overwrite printnow (utc=0)
Current day and time as string. The functions uses the locale settings of the user. >printnow Donnerstag, 17. März 2016 15:42:55 See:
getnow (Basic Utilities),
daynow (Basic Utilities),
weekday (Basic Utilities)
function printdate (y:integer scalar, m:integer scalar,
d:integer scalar, h:integer scalar=0, min:integer scalar=0,
sec: integer scalar=none, time=true, timeonly=false,
german=false, us=false)
Prints a day.
The output is in ISO6801 standard format "yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm" by
default. With <time, the output contains only the date, with
>timeonly it contains only the time. With >german the format of
the date is "dd.mm.yyyy". With >us, the output is mm-dd-yyyy with
the month in string format.
>printdate(date(day(2011,9,11,12)+1000))
2014-06-07 12:00
>printdate(date(day("jan-03-2012",>us)),>us)
JAN-03-2012 00:00
See:
day (Basic Utilities),
day (Astronomical Functions),
getnow (Basic Utilities),
weekday (Basic Utilities)
function weekday (d:number, name=false)
Gets the week day of a day (1=monday, 7=sunday), or its name >weekday(daynow()) 4 >weekday(daynow(),>name) Thursday >weekday(day(2021,11,11),>name) Thursday See:
day (Astronomical Functions),
date (Basic Utilities)
function contfrac (x,n=10)
Compute the continued fraction of x. returns [a,b,c,...] with x = a + 1 / (b + 1 / (c + 1/(...
function contfracval (r)
Evaluate the continued fraction
x = a + 1 / (b + 1 / (c + 1/(...
with r = [a,b,c,...]
Return an Interval {x1,x2}
function contfracbest (x,n=3)
Return the best rational approximation to x
function isstring (x)
Tests, if x is a string.
function expreval (expr:string, x)
Evaluate the expression, using x and global variables
Note that the variable x is given as a parameter. Other variables
can be set using assigned variables, as in expreval("x*y",3,y=4).
Moreover, global variables can be used. Local variables in the
calling functions cannot be used, however.
This works very much line expr(x), or "a*x*y"(3,4,a=5).
function map case (b:real, x, y)
Returns x, if b!=0, else y. This function works like if, but evaluates both, x and y. It works for matrices b, x and y too.
EMT can either set an output format for all numbers of a specific type, or print one scalar or vector value in some format, or convert a value to a string in that format. E.g., one can select fracformat(), printfrac() or frac(). Most settings specify a length of output and the accuracy of the output in some form.
The are some other functions and settings that affect the output. The setting denseoutput prints vectors in a tighter, comma separated format with brackets around them. The setting zerorounding rounds values close to 0 to print exactly as 0.
Note that the default format for Euler is longformat with 12 digits of precision. You can set this format with defformat. By default, zero rounding is on so that very small numbers print as 0. Dense output is on.
function overwrite print (x:real scalar, digits:integer=2, length:integer=10,
unit:string="", sep=none, dot=none)
Formats the real number x to a string. x : real value digits : number of digits after the decimal dot length : total length of output string unit : unit to append after the print sep : separator to group large numbers in groups of 3. dot : decimal dot sep and dot default to none, which means no separation and the usual decimal dot. If sep==1 (with >sep), then a hard space will be used. This function calls the built-in function _print() which takes the parameters _print(x,digits,length,sep,dot). >print(101/891,unit="%") 0.11% >print(1234567890.23,2,20,>sep,dot=",",unit=" €") 1 234 567 890,23 € See:
printf (Basic Utilities),
printf (Maxima Documentation),
hardspace (Euler Core)
function comment printstr (s, length, mode, char)
String with x and n characters according to mode.
s : string
length : length of output (at least length of string)
mode : (optional)
-1 = left justified
0 = centered
1 = right justified
char : (optional)
ascii code of fill character or string with one character
>printstr("Test",10,0,"-")
---Test---
>s=""; for i=1:5; s=s+"|"+printstr("Test",10,0); end; s+"|",
| Test | Test | Test | Test | Test |
>printstr(""+24,10,1,"0")
0000000024
See:
print (Maxima Documentation)
function prefix show (x$)
Prints a variable with its name. This will print x=... if the provided argument is a variable. Otherwise, it will print the value only as usual. >x=pi/2; show x x = 1.57079632679 See:
showlarge (Basic Utilities)
function prefix showlarge (x$)
Prints large matrices in full. By default EMT eclipses lines and rows of large matrices. This can be used to see the full matrix. If the parameter is a variable the variable name will be printed. The default can be changes with largematrices on/off. >x=random(20,5); showlarge(x) >showlarge(random(20,5)) See:
largematrices (Euler Core),
show (Maxima Documentation)
function comment printf (format,x)
Print a value with a C-format.
The format can be decimal (%d, %x) or floating point (%g, %e, %f)
if x is a number, or a string format (%s) if x is a string. Length
modifiers (%20g), digits settings (%10.5f) or adjustments (%-20.5f)
are allowed.
The format string is checked for a valid format. It should not be
possible to crash Euler via this function.
x : real number
format : a format string
>printf("pi = %0.2f",pi)
pi = 3.14
>printf("left adjusted: --- %-20.10e ---",pi)
left adjusted: --- 3.1415926536e+000 ---
>printf("pi = %0.10g",pi)
pi = 3.141592654
>printf("%20s","Just a test")
Just a test
>printf(''String: "%20s"'',"Just a test")
String: " Just a test"
See:
printf (Maxima Documentation),
Formats (Overview)
function overwrite format (n, digits=none, all=0)
format(n,m) sets the output format to m digits and width n. format(n,m) : Turns zero rounding and dense output off. Then calls the builtin function _format, which sets the output width to n places, and the precision digits to m. format(n) : Works like goodformat with n digits of acccuracy. Dense output and zero rounding is on. all : If true, the set scalar format will be disabled. >format(6,2); (1:10)/3, longformat; // reset to default 0.33 0.67 1.00 1.33 1.67 2.00 2.33 2.67 3.00 3.33 >format(20,5); (1:4)'/3, longformat; // reset to default 0.33333 0.66667 1.00000 1.33333 >format(3); pi, // like goodformat 3.14 See:
goodformat (Basic Utilities),
Formats (Overview)
function comment zerorounding (f)
Sets rounding to 0 of small numbers for output. See:
Formats (Overview)
function comment denseoutput (f)
Sets dense output for row vectors. If f is not zero, its value is used to set the number of spaces after each comma in the vector. See:
Formats (Overview)
function comment scalarformat (f)
Enables or disables the special output for scalars. If this is off the same format will be used for vectors and scalars. Many specific format command turn this off. The function defformat will set this on. Turning it off manually for a format makes sense only if setscalarformat(n) is used too. >format(10,5); >1/3 0.33333 >(1:5)/3 0.33333 0.66667 1.00000 1.33333 1.66667 >defformat; >1/3 0.333333333333 >(1:5)/3 [0.333333, 0.666667, 1, 1.33333, 1.66667] See:
setscalarformat (Basic Utilities),
Formats (Overview)
function comment setscalarformat (n)
Sets the number of digits for the scalar format. By default, the scalar format is different from the vector format. This function can be used to set the number of digits for the scalar format. See:
Formats (Overview)
function comment iformat (n)
Sets the number of digits for interval output.
function overwrite goodformat (n,digits=none,all=0)
goodformat(n,m) sets the output format to m digits and width n. Selects a nice format. For integers, the decimal dot will not be included. For very large or very small numbers, the exponential format will be used. This turn zero rounding on and dense output on. Then it calls the builtin function _goodformat, which sets the width to m digits and the precession to n digits. The width will only be used for matrix output with more than one row unless dense output is off. goodformat(n,m) : sets m digits of precission and a total length of n digits. goodformat(m) : total length is m+8, which is sufficient for exponential formats. all : if on, the scalar format is disabled. The difference to format is that the output of integers uses no decimal dot. Moreover, the dense output prints row vectors with brackets. >goodformat(6,2); (1:10)/3, defformat; // reset to default [ 0.33 0.67 1 1.3 1.7 2 2.3 2.7 3 3.3 ] See:
Formats (Overview)
function overwrite expformat
expformat(n,m) sets the output format to m digits and width n. Turns zero rounding off and dense output on. This works like format, but uses exponential output always. It calls the builtin function _expformat. >expformat(6,2); (1:10)/3, longformat; // reset to default [ 3.33e-001 6.67e-001 1.00e+000 1.33e+000 1.67e+000 2.00e+000 2.33e+000 2.67e+000 3.00e+000 3.33e+000 ] See:
Formats (Overview)
function overwrite fixedformat
fixedformat(n,m) sets the output format to m digits and width n. This works like expformat(), but always uses fixed point format. It calls the builtin function _fixedformat. Turns zero rounding on. Zero rounding is used to round very small numbers to 0. See:
Formats (Overview)
function longestformat
Sets a very long format for numbers. Turns zero rounding and dense output off. Uses a format, that allows to see the internal accuracy of IEEE double precision. See:
Formats (Overview)
function longformat (all=0)
Sets a long format for numbers This is the default format for Euler with 12 digits precision. Turns zero rounding and dense output on, and uses a good format, which does not show a decimal dot if possible. See:
Formats (Overview)
function defformat
Sets the default format for Euler Turns zero rounding and dense output on, and uses a good format, which does not show a decimal dot if possible. See:
Formats (Overview)
function shortformat (all=0)
Sets a short format for numbers. See:
Formats (Overview)
function shortestformat (all=0)
Sets a very short format for numbers. See:
Formats (Overview)
function overwrite fracformat (n:integer=0, eps=1e-10)
Sets the fractional format. Turns zero rounding on. If n>0 it turns dense output off. A continued fraction is used to approximate the numbers with fractions. The accuracy can be set with eps. >fracformat; (1:10)/3, longformat; [ 1/3 2/3 1 4/3 5/3 2 7/3 8/3 3 10/3 ] >fracformat(10); (1:4)'/3, longformat; 1/3 2/3 1 4/3
function fracprint (x:numerical, n:integer=10, eps=1e-10)
Prints x in fractional format with n places. Uses a temporary format to print a value in fractional format. The format is then reset to the default longformat. >fracprint(pi,eps=0.01) 22/7
function overwrite frac (x:numerical, mixed:integer=0,
eps:scalar=none)
Returns a string containing the fractional representation of x. This can be used to convert a number to a fraction contained in a string. If mixed, then the integer part is separated from the fractional part. The function uses the builtin function _frac to find a continued fraction, which approximates the number. The function can also be used for vectors and matrices to convert decimals into good fractions, e.g. for Maxima. mixed : split the integer part from the fractional part eps : allowed relative accuracy. >frac(2/3+5/4,>mixed) 1+11/12 >(1:4)/3 [0.333333, 0.666667, 1, 1.33333] >frac((1:4)/3) [1/3,2/3,1,4/3] See:
fracformat (Basic Utilities)
function prefix short (x)
Print x in short format >short pi^2
function prefix shortest (x)
Print x in shortest format >shortest pi^2
function prefix long (x)
Print x in long format >long pi^2
function prefix longest (x)
Print x in the longest format >longest pi^2
function rad ()
rad(d[,min,sec]) converts to radians rad(x) transfers degree x to radians. If min and sec are present, these will be used to set minutes and seconds of the angle. x° works too instead of rad(x). See:
deg (Basic Utilities),
degprint (Basic Utilities)
function deg (x)
deg(x) transfers radians x to degrees See:
rad (Basic Utilities),
degprint (Basic Utilities)
function degprint (x : real scalar, dms:integer=1)
Converts radians x to string in degrees, minutes and seconds. This function returns a string with a representation of the radial angle x in degrees. By default, the function will print minutes and seconds. Turn this off with <dms. Returns a string. See:
degformat (Basic Utilities)
function degformat (on:integer=1)
Use degree format from now on. This calls userformat with the degprint function. See:
userformat (Basic Utilities),
degprint (Basic Utilities)
function polarprint (x:complex scalar, format="%g")
Converts a complex x to a string in polar form. Converts the complex number in the form (r,phi°). The format for r can be set with format="...". Returns a string. >polarprint(1+I,format="%0.12g") (1.41421356237,45°) >polarprint(1+I) (1.41421,45°) See:
polarformat (Basic Utilities),
polar (Mathematical Functions),
polar (Maxima Documentation)
function polarformat (on:integer=1)
Sets the format to polar form. See:
userformat (Basic Utilities),
polarprint (Basic Utilities)
function ipmprint (x:interval scalar)
Print an interval using plus-minus notation. >ipmprint(~1,2~) 1.5±0.5 See:
ipmformat (Basic Utilities)
function ipmformat (on:integer=1)
Set the interval format to plus-minus notation. See:
ipmprint (Basic Utilities)
function prefix cformat (x)
Print x in currency format >long pi^2
function prefix fraction (x)
Print x in fractional format >longest pi^2
function printeuro (x,n=0)
The value in Euro rounded to cent
function printdollar (x,n=0)
The value in Dollar rounded to cent
function prefix uprint (x)
Print in the format in userformat$. >userformat$="%10.2f Yen"; >uprint 119569*119% 142287.11 Yen See:
userformat (Basic Utilities)
function comment userformat (f$)
Uses f$(x) for the output of the number x. f$ : A function to format a number x. The function should be able to detect real, complex or interval values. If f$=="" then the user format is reset to the default format. >function prefix money (x) := print(x,2,12,>sep,dot=",",unit="Euro"); >money 12345.678
function isstring (x)
Tests, if x is a string.
function expreval (expr:string, x)
Evaluate the expression, using x and global variables
Note that the variable x is given as a parameter. Other variables
can be set using assigned variables, as in expreval("x*y",3,y=4).
Moreover, global variables can be used. Local variables in the
calling functions cannot be used, however.
This works very much line expr(x), or "a*x*y"(3,4,a=5).
function map case (b:real, x, y)
Returns x, if b!=0, else y. This function works like if, but evaluates both, x and y. It works for matrices b, x and y too.